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Joint Ground Robotics Enterprise

Last Update

 17 Jul 2008

2000

Air Force Research Laboratory

The Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) at Tyndall AFB continued to be on the cutting edge of robotics for the Air Force. The fielding of ARTS continued as the development of several other prototype systems were made available to users for real-world missions.

The Robotic Excavation Vehicle System (REVS) changed its title to Robotic Agile Combat Systems (RACS), a program designed to develop systems and assess technology that can provide the Air Force with the robotic capability to handle and dispose of unexploded ordnance, clear impact areas or bombing ranges of potentially hazardous ordnance, and counter terrorist threats.

The fielding of All-purpose Remote Transport System (ARTS) continued in 2000 with nineteen systems fielded to date. The ARTS provides Air Force security forces with a system to combat terrorist threats. At Nellis AFB, EOD personnel continue to use ARTS for range clearance of dangerous unexploded ordnance.

In August 2000, the ARTS was called to action by the Air Force 31st CES/CED EOD team at Camp Darby, Italy. Munitions storage facilities were condemned due to structural damage to the ceilings. Personnel were not allowed inside the facilities and the electrical power was shut off. Air Force EOD personnel used the ARTS system to remove 1,277.6 short tons of munitions safely from the buildings.

The command and control system used for ARTS was expanded to robotically operate the Automated Ordnance Excavator (AOE). The AOE is a Caterpillar excavator that can be used to robotically excavate buried ordnance and remove it to a safe place for disposal. The first prototype system is being used by the Army Corp of Engineers to clear an old impact area at Camp Croft in Pacolet, SC.

The growing utility of ARTS was demonstrated with the prototype delivery of ARMS I to the 96th CEG/CED EOD unit at Eglin AFB. The ARM I has a dual arm capability that can be attached to the ARTS. The airman can robotically operate one arm to hold the unexploded munitions and use the other arm to remove the fuze. The munitions can then be safely removed for disposal.

AFRL continues its tradition of working closely with academia to improve autonomous capability. AFRL has had a continuous contract with the University of Florida, Center for Intelligent Machines and Robotics (CIMAR) since 1997. However, the University's working relationship with the Air Force can be traced back to the Rapid Runway Repair effort in 1987.

Presently, the University's primary effort has been on vehicle mobility and control that will address vehicle positioning sensors, path planning, obstacle avoidance, and vehicle control to build an affordable semi-autonomous capability. AFRL works closely with the University and applies this prototype technology to its systems at Tyndall AFB for user evaluation and further development.

AFRL continued work on an autonomous capability within the Active Range Ordnance Mapping System (AROMS). The test bed vehicle has been built that utilizes path planning, GPS/INS, and obstacle detection. Testing and development will continue in 2001.

Joint Service EOD, PMS EOD at Indian Head, MD

PMS EOD provides lifecycle management of EOD equipment for all services. The fielding of Remote Ordnance Neutralization System (RONS) continues to make progress. One hundred twenty systems have been fielded with 50 more systems to be procured. These systems are fielded to all the services. Funding has been secured for FY01 for the Continuous Improvement Program (CIP) that will provide resources to improve capabilities of the RONS. These improvements include a handheld joystick, improved disrupter mounts, and a capability to take digital x-rays.

The initial capability of a directed search mission with the Basic UXO Gathering System (BUGS) was demonstrated this year. BUGS will provide a team of small robots to identify, pick-up, and carry away small-unexploded ordnance for disposal.

The directed search mission requires an overall system architecture to control as many as ten individual platforms. The individual platforms must have a navigational capability to move to a designated target and stay within a set boundary, target sensing capability to distinguish between UXO's and other debris and a "pick-up and carry-away" capability to move UXO's to disposal point. Work will continue in FY 01 to improve obstacle detection, increase search swath, and automated re-planning.

Unmanned Ground Vehicle/Systems Joint Project Office

The UGV/S Joint Project Office was busy supporting and developing multiple robotic efforts that covered a wide range of activities. The JPO continues to support and train soldiers in robotic countermine operations in both Bosnia and Kosovo. Working with PM Abrams, the JPO delivered the first M1A1 tank chassis with robotic kit for testing. The National Guard took delivery of small man portable robots that will assist teams in locating weapons of mass destruction. The JPO continues to push the envelope by expanding the use of robotics to new areas.

Bosnia and Kosovo

USAREUR added two Product Improved Miniflails to the Quick Reaction Force (QRF) in Germany. The Canadians recognized the value added from Miniflails and purchased two systems to support their troops in Kosovo. The JPO continued its support to both Bosnia and Kosovo.

Abrams Panther

The Abrams Panther culminated a year of progress with the arrival of two systems at Aberdeen Proving Ground for testing. One system underwent several detonation tests using C4 explosives and the TM-46 anti-tank mines. Six systems should be ready for fielding to Bosnia and Kosovo in the 3QFY01 to replace the aging M60 Panthers.

Standardized Robotic System (SRS)

The development of the SRS kit continues to make progress. In August 2000, the first prototype was integrated into a D7G dozer at the contractor facility in Denver, CO. The contractor anticipates initial testing in January 2001. As progress continues, an older version of the SRS kit continues to be used as needed to provide different users with a teleoperation capability.

The Joint Contingency Force, Army Warfighting Experiment (JCF AWE) at Fort Polk provided two robotic systems an opportunity to demonstrate their value and capabilities in a MOUT environment. Soldiers from the 101st Air Assault Division used the T3 Dozer with a SRS teleoperation kit to robotically clear rubble from a roadblock covered by sniper fire. Soldiers from the 10th Mountain Division used small man portable robots to conduct reconnaissance and check sewers for booby traps.

New ground was broken with the integration of the SRS kit on the HMMWV with the M56 Smoke Generator and smoke grenade launcher. The Obscurants Branch for the Chemical Division at MANSCEN is evaluating the employment of smoke in a MOUT environment and for river crossings. The system has been successfully demonstrated and the Chemical Division is evaluating and refining Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTP's) to effectively use the system. Testing and evaluation will continue in 2001.

The Meerkat, Interim Vehicle Mounted Mine Detection System (IVMMD) with SRS kit underwent nine months of operational, temperature, safety, and electronic magnetic interference (EMI) testing at Aberdeen Proving Ground. The soldiers from Fort Leonard Wood were successful at remotely detecting buried and surface laid mines. Performance for robotic mine detection was equal and slightly better than manual detection with the Meerkat. While tactical and technical issues remain, the lessons learned are being applied to the Block 0 program that will undergo testing in 2001 to replace the IVMMD.

The IVMMD program is managed by the PM for Mines, Countermine and Demolitions, Countermine Division from Ft. Belvoir, VA. The Meerkat is an African mine-clearing vehicle.

Man-Portable Robotic Systems (MPRS)

The operational use of Man Portable Robotic Systems (MPRS) continued to expand in the year 2000. National Guard units from the 1st, 4th, 5th and 7th Civil Support Teams (CST) Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) units each purchased one MATILDA system to evaluate the system and explore other uses. The CST supports civil authorities by responding to threats of potential weapons of mass destruction. Currently, the CST's are evaluating provisions that will use robotics to assist the CST's with locating, identifying, and disposing of dangerous chemical, biological, and nuclear materials. The MATILDA has been added to the Selected Equipment List for CST WMD units.

The JCF AWE provided another useful opportunity to demonstrate the need for MPRS. Soldiers from the 41st Engineer Bn, 10th Mountain Division were provided and trained on three URBOT, which were modified by a joint effort of Foster-Miller and SPAWAR. The URBOT provided the Engineers a small robot to conduct sewer/tunnel reconnaissance to identify obstacles or booby traps. Soldiers successfully used the system at Fort Leonard Wood, Ft. Drum and then deployed the system at the JCF AWE at Fort Polk.

Success with the National Guard and at the AWE JCF was instrumental in getting the US Maneuver Support Center, MANCEN, to draft the Lightweight Equipment Reconnaissance System (LERS) ORD.

Tactical Unmanned Ground Vehicle

The United States Marine Corps, under the Future Naval Capability program, began working an Operational Requirement Document that will identify the requirements and needs for a robotic vehicle to conduct scout surveillance, direct fire, and obstacle breaching missions. The program, currently called GLADIATOR, could seek Milestone B approval in 2002.

Robotic Combat Support System (RCSS)

Capitalizing on the success of the Miniflail, TRADOC and the Maneuver Support Center finalized the Operational Requirement Document for the Robotic Combat Support System (RCSS) on 15 February 2000. It will replace the Miniflail. Approval for Milestone B was obtained 25 October 2000, and the Request for Proposal went out on 11 December 2000.

The primary purpose for the RCSS will be the neutralization of anti-personnel mines. However, the users require that the RCSS be flexible enough to accept other missions, such as emplacing demolitions, dispensing smoke obscurants, and wire breeching.

DEMO III Program, Experimental Unmanned Vehicle (XUV)

The DEMO III program successfully participated in a Battle Lab Warfighting Experiment conducted by the Mounted Maneuver Battlespace Laboratory at Ft. Knox, KY. Troops from the 1/16th CAV robotically operated two XUV's for seven days and nights. The XUV was autonomously maneuvered on roads and cross-country routes. These routes frequently passed through tough obstacles such as trees, brush, water, mud holes, and other difficult terrain. The XUV routinely adjusted its course to successfully negotiate these obstacles with little supervision from the soldiers.

The DEMO III program will continue to refine its capabilities to detect and maneuver around obstacles while increasing speed in FY01. The program will conduct a military exercise at Indiantown Gap, PA in October 2001 using four XUV's.

Starting in FY 01, the JRP will combine its funding of DEMO III with funding from the Army. The Army Research Laboratory will continue to manage the program from Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD

Army - Product Manager, Physical Security Equipment (PSE)

The PM for PSE is responsible for research, development, acquisition, and sustainment of PSE for Joint Service and other DoD and Federal agencies. The Mobile Detection and Assessment Response System (MDARS) will provide two systems to conduct Intrusion Detection and Inventory/Product Assessment.

During the year 2000, the MDARS-I program completed design of the pre-production prototype and conducted developmental testing from 22 May to 31 September 2000. MDARS-I will enter Limited User Testing (LUT) in May 2001. The LUT will be conducted at the Defense Distribution Depot Susquehanna Pennsylvania (DDSP), New Cumberland, PA. The US Army Operational Test Command will conduct the test under various operational scenarios. If successful, the program will move into Low Rate Initial Production.

MDARS-Exterior (MDARS-E) will provide semi-autonomous patrols for outside perimeters/roadways, depots, port facilities, or airfields. The program completed Technical Feasibility Testing of the complete system in a field environment during May 2000 at Aberdeen Proving Ground. The award of the System Development and Demonstration (SSD) contract is expected in early FY 02.

US Army Tank-Automotive RD&E Center (TARDEC) Intelligent Mobility Program

The Intelligent Mobility Program established the TARDEC Robotics Laboratory (TRL) in October 2000. The program is focused on vehicle mobility and control, path planning, vehicle configuration and a "smart wheel" that provides a wheel with three degrees-of-freedom. Intelligent Mobility is defined as developing intelligent behaviors that will maximize the vehicle capabilities to provide greater mobility.

For example, the vehicle must be able to detect negative obstacles and determine the traction available to the vehicle. The vehicle must utilize its built-in capabilities, such as running gear (smart wheels legs or hybrid track wheels) to maneuver through tough obstacles.

The program established a contractual relationship with the Center for Self-Organizing and Intelligent Systems at the Utah State University in June 1998 in order to develop mobility concepts for UGV's. The T3 is the third vehicle in a series of Omi-Directional Vehicles (ODV) developed in this program.

The T3 is a six-wheeled electric vehicle weighing roughly 100 lbs that can be operated autonomously or by joystick. The speed and steering of each wheel can be control individually, and each wheel has a separate actuation to control the Z-axis or height control of each wheel. This capability allows each wheel to be independently steered in a full 360° circle allowing the vehicle to negotiate tight turns that standard steering cannot accomplish. These improved capabilities allow the vehicle to compensate for pitch, roll, and changes in the vehicle center's of gravity, enabling greater mobility on steep inclines.

To answer the needs of the user, the Army's Military Police community, the Intelligent Mobility program, and USU have developed a small prototype vehicle to assist military police with inspections of the underside of vehicles for potential explosive devices along with the capability to read license plates. The Omni Directional Inspection System (ODIS) could provide Military Police with an autonomous capability to search and find a particular vehicle in a parking lot and then inspect the bottom of that vehicle.

2001

Robotic Acquisition through Virtual Environments & Networked Simulations (RAVENS) - Lessons learned from the Proof-of-Principle exercise conducted in September 2000 pointed to the need for models and simulations for robotic systems and sub-systems to enable them to interact with the physics based virtual environments. Successes and lessons learned from the Proof-of-Principle were used to refine the RAVENS simulation and network architectures and to incorporate additional capabilities into RAVENS. FY01 efforts sought to ensure compatibility between Developmental Test Command's Virtual Proving Ground initiative and the AMRDEC's Federated Collaborative effort and to determine the need for potential upgrades for compatibility with OSD's Foundation Initiative 2010 and Training and Enabling Architecture (TENA) when it becomes sufficiently mature.

Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL)

Robotics for Agile Combat Support (RACS), previously known as the Robotics Ordnance Clearing System (ROCS) is developing systems and technologies for force protection missions that include Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) disposal, anti-terrorism, accident response, and Active Range Clearance (ARC).

The All-purpose Remote Transport System (ARTS) is a component of the RACS program managed by the Force Protection Branch of the AFRL at Tyndall AFB, FL. The system can remotely employ an array of tools and attachments to detect, analyze, and render safe large Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) and clear UXOs from prepared areas.

In FY01, significant strides were made in the advancement of technology developments for the ARTS; these accomplishments include:

The Active Range Clearance (ARC) and Remediation System is a longer term Research & Development (R&D) program focused on unmanned systems to support and augment EOD personnel in the disposal of UXOs and removal of residue on Department of Defense (DoD) ranges.

The current ARC system consists of: (1) the Advanced Automated Ordnance Excavator (A-AOE); (2) a D8 Bulldozer; (3) an ARTS; and (4) a Command Center. A successful technical demonstration of the potential of an ARC system was conducted in 2001 at Croft Field, Spartanburg, NC. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers requested AFRL perform a sub-surface ordnance removal operation using remotely operated equipment within a nine grid area at an overall 28 acre site.

The Advanced Robotics Systems (ARS) program focuses on the development and integration of unmanned technologies in support of Robotic Agile Combat Support (RACS) mission areas and platforms. The primary effort is to develop common architecture designs for autonomous vehicle technologies that focus on vehicle mobility, speed, and control as well as multi-vehicle and marsupial control.

The Autonomous Mobility Research and Development System (AMRDS) and a test platform supplied by the University of Florida were employed in September 2001 to investigate one of the Lewis & Clark portage sites in Great Falls, MT. The objective was to complete a sub-surface survey over a 30 acre area to locate an iron-framed boat used by the famous explorer Captain Meriwether Lewis in 1805. The data collected at the portage site was sampled with sub-meter accuracy providing the analysts a data set to reduce potential burial sites.

The Next Generation Explosive Ordnance Disposal Remote Controlled Vehicle (NGEODRCV) program is funded by a multitude of partners but the Robotics Branch at Tyndall AFB, FL has been designated as the technical lead. The NGEODRCV program will focus on integrating advanced robotic technology onto existing platforms as well as developing highly versatile state-of-the-art platforms to support force protection mission areas and confront the challenges posed by modern-day sophisticated terrorist devices. This program will continue to perform Developmental Test and Evaluation (DT&E) through FY05.

Program Management Office for Explosive Ordnance Disposal / Naval Explosive Ordnance Disposal Technology Division (PMS-EOD/NAVEODTECHDIV)

Basic UXO Gathering System (BUGS) consists of a large number (20 to 50) of small, inexpensive, expendable robots. These robots travel autonomously to unexploded sub-munition targets and blow-in-place or pick-up-and-carry away the sub-munitions. Two alternative configurations, one developed by the Navy, the other contractor developed will be compared.

In FY01, a contractor developed five-vehicle configuration; directed search system was developed, tested and demonstrated. This initial demonstration emphasized the overall system and control architecture, basic mobility, precision navigation, target sensing and the ability to pick-up-and carry away to a common disposal point.

Directed Search BUGS Prototype

The Remote Ordnance Neutralization Systems (RONS) is an Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) robotic system for use by Army, Marine Corps, Navy, and Air Force EOD technicians. RONS is an upgrade to the previously fielded MK2 Mod 0 Remote Control Transporter (RCT). The RONS is significantly faster, has greater range, a better viewing sub-system and a more versatile manipulator than the MK2 Mod 0 RCT.

Under a Continuous Improvement Program (CIP) projects for a handheld controller, enhanced laser aiming, increased endurance and disruptor mounts were completed.

Projects initiated under the CIP include: PC based electronics, nuclear and chemical detector incorporation, and large IED access and disruption tool mounts.

In FY01, thirty additional RONS systems were fielded. Through October 2001, a total of 128 production RONS upgrades were delivered (49 Army, 28 Navy, and 51 Air Force). The Army also took delivery of 5 new RONS in addition to their 49 upgrades.

The Man Transportable Robotic System (MTRS) addressed the MNS # M043-85-93 signed in December 1993. The purpose of the MTRS is to complement/augment the military EOD technician when performing reconnaissance during extremely hazardous EOD missions involving UXOs and IEDs. All components of the system necessary to conduct two missions will weigh no more than 145 pounds and will be capable of being transported 500 meters in semi-rugged terrain as one load by two personnel in one trip. The major components of the MTRS will be a remote controlled vehicle and an operator control station.

The MTRS Analysis of Alternatives (AoA) was conducted during FY01 by NAVEODTECHDIV and resulted in a recommendation to pursue a modified commercial item with an evolutionary improvements acquisition strategy.

Unmanned Ground Vehicle Joint Project Office (UGV/S JPO)

The Vehicle Teleoperation (VT) ORD, drafted by the U.S. Army Engineer School, was approved on 11 August 1997. It requires a family of common components that can be installed in existing military ground and special-purpose vehicles for tele-operation. The UGV/S JPO in concert with the Marine Corps Systems Command conducted a Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) phase II contract effort that included prototyping the Standardized Robotic System (SRS).

The Standardized Robotic System (SRS) provides a kit that gives military units an option to remotely control a wide range of vehicles through tele-operation or semi-autonomy over a pre-determined path. In October 1999, two SRS kits were installed in Interim Vehicle Mounted Mine Detection (IVMMD) systems for testing.

In FY01, support continued for the M60 Panther in the Balkans; the SRS system design was finalized and most of the testing of the SRS system was completed. Engineering and program management support for SRS system development was conducted. Development of Government SRS engineering support and Depot repair capability began.

The Robotic Combat Support System (RCSS) is a robotic anti-personnel obstacle and mine neutralization system for airborne, air assault, light, and corps combat engineer forces. The U.S. Army Engineer School drafted an ORD in October 1998; the ORD was approved on 15 February 2000. The current RCSS program was preceded by the Trail Flail, Modular Flail, and three revisions of the Mini-Flail.

In FY01, the RCSS program achieved a MS A decision and entered Concept and Technology Development (CTD) phase; two CTD contracts were awarded.

Man Portable Robotic Systems (MPRS) are small UGVs that can be carried by one man over long distances. The MPRS program is assisting the requirements generation process by providing a number of prototypes for user experimentation, evaluation and development of Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTPs). The Urban Robot (URBOT) and the Urban Warrior MATILDA are two examples of these prototypes.

In FY01, cost data for MATILDA was obtained to develop a Baseline Cost Estimate (BCE). Systems were provided to the 3rd and 5th CST WMD units for West Virginia tunnel complex experiments. Systems were also provided to the 6th CST WMD in Austin, TX. Space and Naval Warfare (SPAWAR) built a 5th URBOT with improved software, tracks, batteries, and sensor capability and upgraded the first four URBOTS.

The Gladiator Tactical Unmanned Ground Vehicle (TUGV) will support Marine Corps conduct of Ship-To-Objective Maneuver (STOM) through the use of small-medium sized mobile robotic systems to minimize risk and reduce threats to Marines across the spectrum of conflict. Gladiator will perform scout/surveillance, NBC reconnaissance, direct fire, and personnel obstacle breaching missions in its basic configuration.

In 2Q FY01, two Gladiator Concept Validation Model (CVM) systems were delivered. These systems were burned-in and underwent design changes and improvements. Early testing was conducted at Ft. Benning, GA resulting in modification requirements. Requirements included extensive modification to one CVM to be used for experimentation and user evaluation; integration of the Anti-Personnel Obstacle Breaching System (APOBS) and direct fire (M240G) mission modules. Requirements analysis, including cost trade-off rational was completed and AoA began to support approval of the ORD and the MS B decision. $9M was obtained for FY02-04 for Gladiator under the Future Naval Capabilities (FNC) Autonomous Operations (AO) program.

Unmanned Ground Vehicle Technology Enhancement and Exploitation Program (UGVTEE)

The DEMO III program has three thrusts: technology development, technology insertion, and modeling, simulation and experimentation. The program emphasizes experimentation with troop participation.

The DEMO III program made significant strides in FY01 culminating in a series of field exercises and demonstrations conducted with soldiers from the 28th Infantry Division (Pennsylvania National Guard) in November 2001 at Ft. Indiantown Gap, PA. The exercise featured four unmanned vehicles: three platforms configured for Reconnaissance, Surveillance, and Target Acquisition (RSTA), and one vehicle configured for obscurant dispersal.

In FY01, the DEMO III XUV demonstrated baseline follower capability to maneuver on primary roads at 30kph and off-road at speeds of up to 15kph while following at distance ranging from 50 meters to 500 meters.

Army - Product Manager, Physical Security Equipment (PM-PSE)

The Mobile Detection Assessment Response System (MDARS) is a robotic Physical Security system currently under development by the PM-PSE. It includes two Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) developments, an interior platform (MDARS-I) and an exterior platform, the (MDARS-E). Both platforms will be controlled by a single control console using Multiple Resource Host Architecture (MRHA).

On 30 April 1999, MDARS-I was competitively awarded an Engineering, Manufacturing and Development (EMD) contract for fabrication of a pre-production system. The nearly completed EMD prototype system underwent Production Qualification Testing and a Limited User Test (LUT) at the Defense Distribution Depot in Susquehanna, New Cumberland, PA. In addition to developing the MDARS-I RPV (a three wheeled, battery powered, sensor equipped COTS platform) and associated devices, the EMD contractor will provide a First Article Test on the system and provide program management, training, maintenance, and engineering support for site surveys and installation.

The MDARS-E program completed Technical Feasibility Testing (TFT) of the full system in a field environment. The system demonstrated technical feasibility of navigation, obstacle avoidance, intrusion detection, product inventory and lock reading capabilities. The MDARS-E program achieved Milestone B approval.

Army - Tank-Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC)

The goal of the Intelligent Mobility Program (IMP) is to improve intrinsic mobility capabilities of UGVs currently under development by U.S. Army Tank-Automotive and Armaments Command (TARDEC), Warren, Michigan. It is an Applied Research effort designed to support evolving requirements. The IMP began in FY98 with Utah State University as the prime contractor working to develop the “T” series of robots, and Omni- Directional Vehicle (ODV) concepts in general. The “T” series robots were delivered to TARDEC in FY01.

In FY01, the Omni-Directional Inspection System (ODIS) imagery of vehicle underbodies was completed and tested from July through September. ODIS was demonstrated for security checkpoint vehicle inspection in real world security applications during ThreatCon Charlie conditions at TACOM; TACOM accepted delivery of the T3 6x6 robot with z-axis control; and the TARDEC robotic lab became operational as of October 2001.

Robotic Follower (RF) Advanced Technology Demonstration (ATD) program - TACOM and ARL are teaming in the Robotic Follower ATD to provide a near-term application of robotic technologies to the Future Combat Systems (FCS) program. The Robotic Follower will develop, integrate, and demonstrate the technology required to achieve unmanned follower capabilities that will support a wide variety of FCS/Objective Force applications such as: Ruck Carrier 4Q FY01; Supply Platoon 2Q FY03; Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS)/Beyond-Line-of-Sight (BLOS) Fire 2Q FY04; and Rear Security 4Q FY05.

Crew Integration and Automation Testbed (CAT) Advanced Technology Demonstration (ATD) - The purpose of the CAT ATD is to demonstrate the crew interfaces, automation, and integration technologies required to operate and support future combat vehicles. The key goal of this program is to develop a multi-mission capable crew station for the FCS program that covers 100% of the fight, scout, and crew carrier tasks currently performed with three unique systems, as well as enabling the control of both Unmanned Aerial and Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UAV/UGV).

In FY01, workload analysis performed under the CAT program indicated the driving aids and automation technologies are key to achieving two-person operation of our future systems.

Aviation & Missile Research, Development & Engineering Center (AMRDEC)

In 2001, the JAUGS Working Group experienced considerable growth in terms of membership. The Working Group also matured the process initiated in 2000. An Inspection Form was introduced to track document changes, Chairmen were elected to the JAUGS committees, the JAUGS logo was adopted, electronic voting procedures were established, and the website was formally activated.

In May of 2001, the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) hosted a JAUGS demonstration that included four unmanned systems from three organizations. The demonstration included semi-autonomy and high-speed vehicles with manipulators, video, weapons fire and payload delivery. JAUGS was used exclusively on three of the four vehicle systems.

Meetings Conducted:

Document Revisions/Creation:

The COoperative Unmanned Ground Attack Robots (COUGAR) program is an outgrowth of an Aviation and Missile Research, Development and Engineering Center (AMRDEC) 6.2 program called Robotic Applications for Modular Payloads (RAMP). It is a technology effort to investigate and demonstrate multiple unmanned systems cooperating for the purpose of delivering lethal fires. Cougar is not a system, but a lethal capability that could transition into a variety of unmanned systems programs including the Future Combat Systems (FCS) and Gladiator.

Phase I of the COUGAR project was completed in FY01. During phase I, a UXV based robot with a RSTA package and Javelin missile system were simulated. A demonstration of the Phase I system was completed with the successful launch of 19 Light Anti-tank Weapon (LAW) rockets and 1 Javelin missile.

2002

Robotic Acquisition through Virtual Environments & Networked Simulations (RAVENS)

The RAVENS architecture supports a wide range of Hardware-in-the-Loop (HWIL), Software-in-the-Loop (SWIL), and Human-in-the-Loop (HITL) activities. This capability allows mature Modeling and Simulation (M&S) components to be replaced with their live counterparts. This helps establish credibility in the M&S results, which in turn reduces program risk.

The simulation architecture is in the design stage and is intended to enable both Distributed Interactive Simulation (DIS) and Higher Level Architecture (HLA) information to be exchanged.

The RAVENS initiative is pursuing a reconfigurable networked simulation capability that, when realized, will enable physics-based robotic simulations and virtual environments to interact to support acquisition activities throughout the system life cycle.

Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL)

The Force Protection Branch of the Air Force Research Lab, Tyndall AFB conducts robotics research, prototype development, and technology validation in response to existing and emerging USAF requirements under the Robotics for Agile Combat Support (RACS) program. RACS is developing systems and technologies for force protection missions that include Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) disposal, anti-terrorism, accident response, and Active Range Clearance (ARC).

Active Range Clearance (ARC) and Remediation System is a longer term Research & Development (R&D) program which receives funding under the RACS program. The ARC program focuses on the application of unmanned systems to support and augment EOD technicians in the disposal of UXOs and the removal of residue on Department of Defense (DoD) ranges.

The program applies available and advanced technology and improved procedures/equipment to: make the UXO ARC mission safer for range clearance personnel; reduce time and cost to conduct range decontamination; significantly improve the range management process; and reduce the risk of inadvertently transferring properties containing munitions items or hazardous constituents to the public. Current system equipment includes: the Advanced Automated Ordnance Excavator (A-AOE); a Remote Sifter; an All-purpose Remote Transport System (ARTS) and a mobile Command Center.

In FY02, AFRL developed an ARTS Tele-operated Remote Aiming Platform (TRAP) to provide stand off munitions disruption (SMUD) capabilities for deployed EOD, active range clearance, and base recovery after attack missions.

Program Management Office for Explosive Ordnance Disposal / Naval Explosive Ordnance Disposal Technology Division (PMS-EOD/NAVEODTECHDIV)

The Remote Ordnance Neutralization Systems (RONS) is an Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) robotic system for use by Army, Marine Corps, Navy, and Air Force EOD technicians. The RONS, which consists of a remote platform and an operator control station, is designed to complement/augment the EOD technician when performing reconnaissance, access, render safe, Pick-Up-and-Carry Away (PUCA), and disposal during extremely hazardous missions involving UXO and IEDs.

In FY02, under a Continuous Improvement Program (CIP), projects for a PAN Disrupter Adapter, Chemical and Nuclear Detector Adapter, Cordless Tools, Water Disrupter Deployer, and Trailer Hitch were completed. Field techniques for Water Bottle Charges, Plastic Bowl Charges, and a Window Breaker were also completed. Work continued on a PC-Based Electronics project.

Through October 2002, 199 RONS have been fielded, this includes: 154 production upgrades (49 Army, 2 Marine Corps, 28 Navy, and 75 Air Force) and 45 new RONS (9 Army, 6 Marine Corps, and 30 Air Force). Current orders will bring the number of fielded systems to 228 by January 2003.

The Man Transportable Robotic System (MTRS) addresses MNS # M043-85-93 for EOD signed in December 1993. The purpose of MTRS is to complement/augment the military EOD technician when performing reconnaissance during extremely hazardous EOD missions involving UXOs and IEDs. All components of the system necessary to conduct two missions will weigh no more than 145 pounds and will be capable of being transported 500 meters in semi-rugged terrain as one load by two personnel in one trip. The major components of the MTRS will be a remote controlled vehicle and an operator control station.

FY02 accomplishments include: (1) an Analysis of Alternatives (AoA) conducted with EOD personnel representing the four Services in FY01 resulting in a draft requirements document; (2) the AoA recommended an acquisition strategy of a modified commercial item with evolutionary improvements; (3) MTRS was designated as an Abbreviated Acquisition Program and the formal acquisition program was initiated; (4) the MTRS requirements document was approved in May; (5) proposals were solicited and contracts were awarded to Foster-Miller, Inc. and iRobot Corporation in October.

Unmanned Ground Vehicle/Systems Joint Project Office (UGV/S JPO)

The Vehicle Tele-Operation (VT) ORD drafted by the U.S. Army Engineer School was approved on 11 August 1997. It requires a family of common components that can be installed in existing military ground and special-purpose vehicles for tele-operation. The UGV/S JPO, in concert with the Marine Corps Systems Command, conducted a Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) phase II contract effort that included prototyping the Standardized Robotic System (SRS).

The Common Robotics System (CRS) is an evolution of the earlier Standardized Robotic System (SRS). The program was renamed to better reflect an acquisition strategy that will develop and field a family of Common Robotic Kits (CRK) in a number of Army and Marine Corps systems. Robotic kits installed on the Abrams Panther are still referred to as Standard Robotic System (SRS).

In FY02, the M60 Panther was replaced with the Abrams Panther in Bosnia, Kosovo, and the Central Region; production of spare systems was completed and support continued for deployed systems. Development of a robotic capability began for the United States Marine Corps' (USMC) Assault Breacher Vehicle (ABV), M56 Coyote Smoke Obscuration System, UGV Robotic Obscuration Platform (ROP), and Ground Standoff Mine Detection System block 0 (GSTAMIDS 0). A Full and Open competitive acquisition package for CRS was developed.

The Robotic Combat Support System (RCSS) is a robotic anti-personnel obstacle and mine neutralization system for airborne, air assault, light, and corps combat engineer forces. The U.S. Army Engineer School drafted an ORD in October 1998; the ORD was approved on 15 February 2000. The current RCSS program was preceded by the Trail Flail, Modular Flail, and three revisions of the Mini-Flail. In FY02, support and maintenance training on the Mini-Flails in Bosnia and Kosovo was provided. An additional six Mini-Flails were procured for contingency operations and the Concept and Technology Demonstration (CTD) phase of RCSS, to include initial verification testing, was completed.

The Man Portable Robotic System (MPRS) program provides robots that can be carried by one soldier or disassembled and carried by two soldiers (8-30 lbs). It will be designed for modular multi-mission payloads and be able to operate for 4-12 hours. The vehicle will have semi-autonomous control and navigation. With on board sensors, it will be able to: detect and neutralize anti-personnel mines, detect the presence of nuclear, biological and chemical agents, and deploy smoke. A number of commercial prototype systems have been purchased for tests, experiments, and troop appraisals, including the URBOT and MATILDA.

In FY02, 20 MATILDA and URBOT systems were provided to support Operation Enduring Freedom; Phase I and II of the Thermobaric Limited Objective Experiment (LOE) were completed; and simulation efforts and Analysis of Alternatives to support Operational Requirements development were completed.

The Gladiator Tactical Unmanned Ground Vehicle (TUGV) is a CAT III program. Gladiator will support the Marine Corps' conduct of Ship To Objective Maneuver (STOM), Operational Maneuver From The Sea (OMFTS), Sustained Operations Ashore (SOA), and Operations Other Than War (OOTW) through the use of small-medium sized mobile robotic systems to minimize risk and reduce threats to Marines across the spectrum of conflict. Gladiator will perform scout/surveillance, NBC reconnaissance, direct fire, and personnel obstacle breaching missions in its basic configuration.

In FY02, initial testing and demonstration of the Concept Validation Model (CVM) was completed. Non-lethal weapons were integrated on the CVM with the support of the Joint Non-Lethal Weapons Directorate. The design and build of the integral self-protection system on the CVM was completed. Integration and testing of the M240, M249 Light Vehicle Obscurant Smoke System (LVOSS), and Anti-Personnel Obstacle Breaching System (APOBS) were also completed. The Gladiator program also applied JAUS to the Gladiator operator control Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) contract; completed an Analysis of Alternatives; awarded four Future Naval Capabilities contracts for Gladiator preliminary design; successfully completed USMC Program Objective Memorandum (POM) for procurement funding; and began design/build of a second CVM.

Unmanned Ground Vehicle Technology Enhancement and Exploitation Program (UGVTEE)

The purpose of the DEMO III program is to develop and demonstrate technology that will enable a single soldier to manage the tactical operation of up to four unmanned vehicles while they maneuver off-road at speeds of up to 20mph and on road speeds of up to 40mph. The Demo III program goal is to have vehicles operating at speeds that correspond roughly to 50 percent of the speed achievable by a manned HMMWV operating on the same terrain.

Given the increasing interest in Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs) for Future Combat Systems (FCS) and the Objective Force, a decision was made to extend the program approximately eighteen months beyond its originally scheduled conclusion in FY02. This extension will permit additional technology development, integration, and experimentation to support the Army's FY03 Technology Readiness Level assessment for FCS and ensure the ability to incorporate this key technology into the Army's proposed new family of tactical systems.

In FY02, integration of technologies into XUV testbed platforms continued to include: continued development and implementation of perception, intelligent control, and soldier-machine interface technologies; and transition of autonomous mobility and man-machine interface technologies to the TARDEC Vetronics Technology Integration Program, and autonomous mobility technology transitions to the Product Manager, Physical Security Equipment (PM-PSE) Mobile Detection and Response System (MDARS) Exterior program.

Army - Product Manager, Physical Security Equipment (PM-PSE)

The Mobile Detection Assessment Response System (MDARS) is a robotic Physical Security system currently under development by the PM-PSE. It includes two Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) developments, an interior platform (MDARS-I) and an exterior platform, the (MDARS-E). Both platforms will be controlled by a single control console using a Multiple Resource Host Architecture (MRHA). MDARS will provide the capability to perform intruder detection, barrier assessment, and inventory accountability.

In FY02, MDARS-I performed Limited User Test (LUT) deficiency corrections, initiated Milestone C In Progress Review package preparations/coordination, and performed a Logistics Demonstration (LOGDEMO).

The MDARS-E program awarded a System Development and Demonstration (SDD) contract to General Dynamics Robotic Systems, conducted preliminary Design Review, and began fabrication of a SDD prototype.

Army - Tank-Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC)

The goal of the Intelligent Mobility Program (IMP) is to improve intrinsic mobility capabilities of UGVs currently under development by U.S. Army Tank-Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC), Warren, Michigan. It is an Applied Research effort designed to support evolving requirements.

The Omni-Directional Inspection System (ODIS) is used for under vehicle inspection particularly posted at security locations, and other areas such as secure parking lots. It has low ground clearance, low overall height, and imaging systems on board for visual inspections. There are currently three systems with varying modes of operation.

In FY02, the TARDEC robotic laboratory's ability to connect to the Aviation and Missile Command (AMCOM) was accomplished. A feasibility study for an extreme cold weather environment in Alaska was completed and is under review by TARDEC. Implementation of the ODIS imagery system for license-plate reading and under-vehicle inspections was also completed.

Robotic Follower (RF) Advanced Technology Demonstration (ATD) program - TACOM and ARL are teaming in the Robotic Follower ATD to provide a near-term application of robotic technologies to the Future Combat Systems (FCS) program. The Robotic Follower will develop, integrate, and demonstrate the technology required to achieve unmanned follower capabilities that will support a wide variety of FCS/Objective Force applications such as: Ruck Carrier 4Q FY01; Supply Platoon 2Q FY03; Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS)/Beyond-Line-of-Sight (BLOS) Fire 2Q FY04; and Rear Security 4Q FY05.

Concept Analysis continued in FY02 to include the development and integration of road following, terrain/feature recognition and enhanced autonomous perception to baseline RF capability. Integration of a target RF platform also began.

The purpose of the Crew Integration and Automation Testbed (CAT) Advanced Technology Demonstration (ATD) is to demonstrate the crew interfaces, automation, and integration technologies required to operate and support future combat vehicles. The key goal of this program is to develop a multi-mission capable crew station for the FCS program that covers 100% of the fight, scout and crew carrier tasks currently performed with three unique systems, as well as enabling the control of both Unmanned Aerial and Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UAV/UGV).

In FY02, crew stations were designed; soldier-machine interfaces were developed and integrated, decision and driving aids were developed, simulation sub-systems were embedded; and an advanced electronic architecture was defined and implemented.

Aviation & Missile Research, Development & Engineering Center (AMRDEC)

On 29 August 2002 the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense formally changed the name from JAUGS to JAUS, deleting the word “Ground”. Thus, JAUS was established as an upper level design for the interfaces within the Domain of Unmanned Systems. The Domain is comprised of a variety of Unmanned System classes to include: Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGV); Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV); Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUV); Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USV); Unattended Munitions (UM); and Unattended Sensors (US). JAUS, continuing the effort of JAUGS, specifies the interfaces between software modules to allow for rapid technology transfer.

Also in FY02, Version 3.0 of the Reference Architecture Specification was released; Version 1.1 of the Document Control Plan was released; Revision of the Domain Model continued; a Compliance Plan Committee was created; a Transport Layer Committee was created; the Charter for the JAUS Working Group was revised; efforts continued to have the U.S. Army state JAUS as a requirement in the Future Combat Systems (FCS) Operational Requirements Document (ORD); and two JAUS Working Group meetings were conducted.

Meetings Conducted:

Document Revisions/Creation:

The COoperative Unmanned Ground Attack Robots (COUGAR) program is an outgrowth of an Aviation and Missile Research, Development and Engineering Center (AMRDEC) 6.2 program called Robotic Applications for Modular Payloads (RAMP). It is a technology effort to investigate and demonstrate multiple unmanned systems cooperating for the purpose of delivering lethal fires. Cougar is not a system, but a lethal capability that could transition into a variety of unmanned systems programs including the Future Combat Systems (FCS) and Gladiator.

Phase I of the COUGAR project was completed in FY01. During phase I, a Unmanned Experimental Vehicle (UXV) based robot with a Reconnaissance, Surveillance and Target Acquisition (RSTA) package and Javelin missile system were simulated. A demonstration of the Phase I system was completed with the successful launch of 19 Light Anti-tank Weapon (LAW) rockets and 1 Javelin missile.

The COUGAR Phase II demonstration, jointly funded by the UGV/S JPO and the U.S. Army's Aviation and Missile Command's Research, Development and Engineering Center, was scheduled to start in December 2002.

COUGAR with LAW Rockets

Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center, San Diego (SSC-SD)

In late FY01, Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center, San Diego (SSC-SD) was designated by OSD as the Center of Excellence for small robots. Two fundamental tools were put in place: the Mobile Robot Knowledge Base (MRKB), and the Robotic Systems Pool (RSP).

The MRKB provides system developers, program managers, and end-users with a centralized, online technology resource for mobile robots. The resource contains information on robot components, sub-systems, mission payloads, platforms, and technology transfer opportunities. The MRKB web site is divided into three sections: the Technology Database; the Robotic Systems Pool; and Technology Transfer.

The Robotic System Pool section administers the RSP robot loan program, including an asset database with supporting information, publications and specifications. Loan policy information is also available, as well as, sample request forms, trouble reports, and evaluation submission forms. Field reports and evaluations will be password protected and available only to registered DoD users.

In FY02, 6 robots deployed to military operations in Afghanistan. They included: 2 SSC-SD URBOTS, 1 Inuktun Micro Variable Geometry Traced Vehicle (VGTV), and 2 iRobot Packbots. 14 new robots were ordered. Feedback from current users was collected and requests for Robotic System Pool assets were received from over 50 potential user organizations.

Man Portable Robotic Systems (MPRS) are small UGVs that can be carried by one man over long distances. The MPRS program is assisting the requirements generation process by providing a number of prototypes for user experimentation, evaluation and development of Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTPs). The Urban Robot (URBOT) and the Urban Warrior MATILDA are two examples of these prototypes.

In FY02, a waypoint navigation capability was added to the URBOT in order to support the need for more automation and less reliance on the human operator. This capability allows the operator to send the URBOT through a series of GPS waypoints selected from an aerial photograph by the operator at a remote site. Due to the tactical nature of the MPRS robots, this system is also able to operate without the use of a differential GPS source. A modular chemical, radiation, and environmental gas detection package was also developed and integrated into the MPRS URBOT.

The Novel Unmanned Ground System (NUGV) prototype is a tracked vehicle composed of three segments communicating via a Radio Frequency (RF) LAN. The prototype is 4 inches high, 17 inches long, and weighs less than 30 pounds. The NUGV should eventually be able to climb a 60 degree incline, scale a 2.5 foot vertical wall, crawl along a 4 inch diameter horizontal beam, travel on planar surfaces at speeds in excess of 9 feet per second, and swim.

Air Armament Center, Combat Systems Support, System Program Office (AAC/WMO)

The All-purpose Remote Transport System (ARTS) was previously a component of the RACS program managed by the Force Protection Branch of the AFRL at Tyndall AFB, FL. The Air Armament Center, Combat Support Systems, System Program Office (AAC/WMO) at Eglin AFB, FL partnered with AFRL in the ARTS development. In FY02, AAC/WMO assumed responsibility for System Development and Demonstration (SDD), acquisition, and overall program management of the ARTS.

The ARTS is a survivable low-cost robotics platform capable of remote operations in various mission profiles. The system can remotely employ an array of tools and attachments to detect, analyze, and render safe large Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) and clear UXOs from prepared areas. In addition, the system can employ a variety of advanced navigation, control and sensing systems.

AAC/WMO FY02 program accomplishments include:

Completed evaluation and design of Electro-magnetic interference upgrades. Upgrades will be incorporated in production and retrofit.

In June the acquisition approach was converted from a build-to-print philosophy to a performance-based concept with the production of 20 additional ARTS platforms and attachments. Full operational capability will be reached late in FY05 with the fielding of 62 ARTS.

2003

Robotic Acquisition through Virtual Environments & Networked Simulations (RAVENS)

The RAVENS architecture supports a wide range of Hardware-in-the-Loop (HWIL), Software-in-the-Loop (SWIL), and Human-in-the-Loop (HITL) activities. This capability allows mature Modeling and Simulation (M&S) components to be replaced with their live counterparts. This helps establish credibility in the M&S results, which in turn reduces acquisition program risk.

The simulation architecture is in the design stage and is intended to enable both Distributed Interactive Simulation (DIS) and Higher Level Architecture (HLA) information to be exchanged.

In FY03, Congress authorized funding to continue technical development, upgrading of complementary live test capabilities, and application of the resulting live-virtual capabilities to JRP programs.

Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL)

The Robotics for Agile Combat Support (RACS) program is developing systems and technologies for force protection missions that include Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) disposal, anti-terrorism, accident response, and Active Range Clearance (ARC). The RACS program is organized into five major categories: development of the All-purpose Remote Transport System (ARTS), development and integration of advanced robotic technologies onto existing platforms, development of an Active Range Clearance (ARC) system, development of remote fire fighting capabilities that also employ chemical/biological neutralization technologies, and R&D of tools and systems for the next generation of Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) robots.

In FY03, robotic systems development to support the Robotics for Agile Combat Support (RACS) program included:

AFRL also continued ARTS and Advanced Robotic Systems (ARS) development and integration of large vehicle/high speed remote fire-fighting and chemical/biological defense capabilities; development, integration, and implementation of JAUS, initial approval from the Weapons Safety Board for the Tele-operated Remote Aiming Platform (TRAP); and support to HQ, ACC/CE continued with the final sling load and airdrop certification of all Airborne Engineer heavy equipment to include the Airborne Engineering (AE) ARTS.

Program Management Office for Explosive Ordnance Disposal / Naval Explosive Ordnance Disposal Technology Division (PMS-EOD/NAVEODTECHDIV)

The Remote Ordnance Neutralization Systems (RONS) is an Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) robotic system for use by Army, Marine Corps, Navy, and Air Force EOD technicians. The RONS, which consists of a remote platform and an operator control station, is designed to complement/augment the EOD technician when performing reconnaissance, access, render safe, Pick-Up-and-Carry Away (PUCA), and disposal during extremely hazardous missions involving UXO and IEDs.

On 17 March 1999, RONS was granted MS III and received approval for full rate production. Both the fielded systems and the systems currently in production or on order have been produced by REMOTEC, Inc. via various negotiated contracts. The RONS Continuous Improvement Program (CIP) was initiated in 2000 to provide a means to improve the RONS on a continuous basis over its life. Experience with the earlier RCT suggested that the RONS would quickly fall behind the technology/capability “curve” without a process in place to identify, develop, test, and implement improvements in a timely manner.

Through October 2003 240 RONS have been fielded. This includes delivery of 167 production upgrades (49 Army, 11 Marine Corps, 28 Navy, and 79 Air Force) and 73 new RONS (17 Army, 18 Marine Corps, 5 Navy, and 33 Air Force). Current orders will bring the total number of fielded systems to 243 by March 2004.

The Man Transportable Robotic System (MTRS) addresses the MNS # M043-85-93 signed in December 1993. The purpose of the MTRS is to complement/augment the military EOD technician when performing reconnaissance during extremely hazardous EOD missions involving UXOs and IEDs. All components of the system necessary to conduct two missions will weigh no more than 145 pounds and will be capable of being transported 500 meters in semi-rugged terrain as one load by two personnel in one trip. The major components of the MTRS will be a remote controlled vehicle and an operator control station.

The MTRS Analysis of Alternatives (AoA) was conducted in FY01 by the Naval Explosive Ordnance Disposal Technical Division. The result of the AoA was a recommendation to pursue a modified commercial item with an evolutionary improvements acquisition strategy. Proposals were solicited in May 2002 and evaluated in June-July 2002. Contracts were awarded on a competitive best value basis to Foster-Miller, Inc., and iRobot Corporation in October 2002. Each vendor delivered two Performance Specification Verification Models (PSVMs) in August-September 2003. A determination to continue with each vendor will be made after the PSVM testing.

Robotic Systems Joint Project Office (RS JPO)

In July 2003, the Unmanned Ground Vehicle/Systems Joint Project Office (UGV/S JPO) was re-named the Robotic Systems Joint Project Office (RS JPO).

The Vehicle Teleoperation (VT) ORD drafted by the U.S. Army Engineer School was approved on 11 August 1997. It requires a family of common components that can be installed in existing military ground and special-purpose vehicles for teleoperation. The UGV/S JPO in concert with the Marine Corps Systems Command conducted a Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) phase II contract effort that included prototyping the Standardized Robotic System (SRS).

The Common Robotics System (CRS) acquisition program is an evolution of the earlier program named the Standardized Robotic System (SRS), which developed and fielded prototypes installed on the M60 and M1 Panther. The program was renamed to better reflect an acquisition strategy that will develop and field a family of Common Robotic Kits (CRK) in a number of Army and Marine Corps systems. Robotic kits installed on the Abrams Panther are still referred to as Standard Robotic System (SRS).

In FY03, engineering and program support for the CRS system development continued. Planning for Developmental/Operational testing was finalized. The development and production of the Common Robotic Kit (CRK) for test and evaluation on Ground Stand-Off Mine Detection System (GSTAMIDS) block 0 and UGV Robotic Obscuration Platform was completed. Developmental testing for the CRK installed on GSTAMIDS block 0 was conducted. Support continued for the Abrams Panthers deployed in Bosnia, Kosovo, and the Central Region.

The Robotic Combat Support System (RCSS) is a robotic anti-personnel (AP) obstacle and mine neutralization system for airborne, air assault, light, and corps combat engineer forces. The US Army Engineer School drafted an ORD in October 1998; the ORD was approved on 15 February 2000. The current RCSS program was preceded by the Trail Flail, Modular Flail, and three revisions of the Mini-Flail.

In FY03, as a result of the War on Terrorism and the ongoing activities in Afghanistan and Iraq, the need for a RCSS type asset was elevated to an URGENT status. Because the RCSS development program timeline could not address needs to support current force operations in the War on Terrorism, the RS JPO, in conjunction with the user, established a new program strategy to provide RCSS capability to the current force beginning in FY04. Through an extensive market survey, the RS JPO determined that the DOK-ING MK-IV satisfies the essential elements of the RCSS requirements, and can be produced and fielded in time to support U.S. forces engaged in the War on Terrorism. This COTS solution has allowed the RS JPO to accelerate the RCSS procurement cycle and has obligated 2004 funds for the procurement of a limited number of DOK-ING MK-IV demining systems.

Man Portable Robotic Systems (MPRS) are small UGVs that can be carried by one soldier or disassembled and carried by two soldiers (8-30 lbs). It will be designed for modular multi-mission payloads and be able to operate for 4-12 hours. The vehicle will have semi-autonomous control and navigation. With on board sensors, it will be able to: detect and neutralize anti-personnel mines, detect the presence of nuclear, biological and chemical agents, and deploy smoke. A number of commercial prototype systems have been purchased for tests, experiments, and troop appraisals, including the URBOT and MATILDA.

In FY03, a chemical, nuclear, and environmental gas package was developed and integrated into the URBOT. The package accepts three sensors: a Joint Chemical Agent Detector (JCADS), an AN-UDR-13 radiation sensor, and a MultiRAE environmental gas sensor. An LOE to test the fundamental concept of employing chemical sensors on a robot was conducted by the Army Chemical School in February 2003 at SSC-SD. At the LOE, the chemical sensor was successfully switched from the URBOT, which uses Ethernet communication, to the MATILDA, which uses serial communication. This feature was successfully demonstrated at the JRP Working Group (WG) meeting in December 2003.

The Gladiator Tactical Unmanned Ground Vehicle (TUGV) program is a U.S. Marine Corps initiative. A Marine Corps Mission Need Statement (MNS) for an unmanned Reconnaissance, Surveillance, and Target Acquisition (RSTA) platform was signed in April 2001. The Marine Corps has drafted the Gladiator ORD to support the dismounted infantry of the Marine Ground Combat Element (GCE) with organic unmanned direct fire, obstacle breaching, obscurant, and scout/surveillance capabilities. The system will reduce risk and neutralize threats to Marines across the full spectrum of conflict and range of military operations. Joint approval of the new ORD is expected in 3Q FY04.

In FY03, the Gladiator program executed user operation evaluations with the Concept Validation Model (CVM); Integrated Gladiator into models and simulations; completed testing and safety release of the CVM; completed the design and build of a second CVM; employed Gladiator with two battalions for Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTPs) development at Camp LeJeune, NC; and down selected Future Naval Capabilities Science and Technology effort to two contractors for detailed design.

Unmanned Ground Vehicle Technology Enhancement and Exploitation Program (UGVTEE)

The purpose of the DEMO III+ program is to develop and demonstrate technology that will enable a single soldier to manage the tactical operation of up to four unmanned vehicles while they maneuver off-road at speeds of up to 20mph and on road speeds of up to 40mph. The DEMO III+ program goal is to have vehicles operating at speeds that correspond roughly to 50 percent of the speed achievable by a manned HMMWV operating on the same terrain.

The DEMO III+ program has three thrusts: technology development, technology insertion, and modeling, simulation and experimentation. The program emphasizes live experimentation with troop participation.

In FY03, the UGVTEE program continued development and implementation of perception, intelligent control, and soldier-machine interface technologies. Technologies were integrated into the Experimental Unmanned Vehicles (XUVs). The program also transitioned autonomous mobility and man-machine interface technologies to the TARDEC Vetronics Technology Integration program, and autonomous mobility technology transitions to the Product Manager, Force Protection Systems MDARS Program.

Army - Product Manager, Physical Security Equipment (PM-PSE)

The Mobile Detection Assessment Response System (MDARS) is a robotic Physical Security system currently under development by the PM-PSE. In FY03, the program was streamlined from two Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) developments, an interior platform (MDARS-I) and an exterior platform, the (MDARS-E) to a single system consisting of multiple exterior mobile platforms controlled from a single control consol using a Multiple Resource Host Architecture (MRHA). MDARS will provide the capability to perform intruder detection, barrier assessment, and inventory accountability.

In FY03, the completed designs for major sub-systems were reviewed and approved at the MDARS SDD Critical Design Review (CDR). Four patrol units were fabricated and component testing was initiated. The SDD patrol units were demonstrated by the Force Protection Equipment Demonstration IV at Quantico, VA, the Robotics Exposition hosted by the U.S. Air Force Protection Battlelab at San Antonio, TX, and the U.S. Army Acquisition Senior Leaders' conference at Ft. Lewis, WA.MDARS-E Prototype Platform with Marsupial UGV/UAV

Army - Tank-Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC)

The goal of the Intelligent Mobility Program (IMP) is to improve intrinsic mobility capabilities of UGVs currently under development by U.S. Army Tank-Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC), Warren, Michigan. Intelligent Mobility means the ability to: move up and over obstacles, avoid obstacles in the vehicle path, and to move in novel ways using advanced locomotion and artificial intelligence.

It is an Applied Research effort designed to support evolving requirements. The current running gear configuration investigations include the Omni-Directional Drive (ODV) systems, which allow the platform to perform zero-radius turns and complex load leveling maneuvers. The Omni-Directional Inspection System (ODIS) is used for under vehicle inspection particularly posted at security locations, and other areas such as secure parking lots. It has low ground clearance, low overall height, and imaging systems on board for visual inspections. There are currently three systems with varying modes of operation.

In FY03, program accomplishments included: production of two semi-autonomous ODIS platforms for experimentation and integration with JAUS compliant Human Robot Interaction (HRI) and payloads; product improvements and user evaluated testing for ODIS-T; and initiation of procurement of 20 units of revised ODIS-T platforms for user evaluation and deployment to high threat areas.

Robotic Follower (RF) Advanced Technology Demonstration (ATD) program - TACOM and ARL are teaming in the Robotic Follower ATD to provide a near-term application of robotic technologies to the Future Combat Systems (FCS) program. The Robotic Follower will develop, integrate, and demonstrate the technology required to achieve unmanned follower capabilities that will support a wide variety of FCS/Objective Force applications such as: Ruck Carrier 4Q FY01; Supply Platoon 2Q FY03; Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS)/Beyond-Line-of-Sight (BLOS) Fire 2Q FY04; and Rear Security 4Q FY05.

RF ATD FY03 program accomplishments include: completion of software development of core follower sub-systems, dismount OCU design, system integration on Stryker and XUV platforms, and data analysis for FCS Milestone B decision; completion of warfighter operational experiments, engineering evaluation testing and demonstrations; participation in the Lead Systems Integrator's (LSI's) Unmanned Combat Demonstration; supported GSTAMIDS echelon formation control; and conducted preliminary Design Review for FY06 objectives.

The purpose of the Crew Integration and Automation Testbed (CAT) Advanced Technology Demonstration (ATD) is to demonstrate the crew interfaces, automation, and integration technologies required to operate and support future combat vehicles. The key goal of this program is to develop a multi-mission capable crew station for the FCS program that covers 100% of the fight, scout and crew carrier tasks currently performed with three unique systems, as well as enabling the control of both Unmanned Aerial and Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UAV/UGV).

FY03 program accomplishments include: completion of crew station Soldier-Machine Interface (SMI) design and fabrication; development of a new Improved Performance Research Integration Tool Model based on the crew SMI and scenarios; completion of system design, hardware procurement, software development and integration onto a Stryker platform; completion of engineering evaluations and warfighter operational experiments at Ft. Bliss, TX.

Aviation & Missile Research, Development & Engineering Center (AMRDEC)

In FY03, the JAUS program continued to expand the architecture with the development of architectural elements for high level control and intelligent behaviors; formed a committee to address commonality in Operator Control Units (OCUs) and payloads; formed a committee to act as a liaison for the Joint Unmanned Systems Command and Control (JUSC2) ACTD; released the Strategic Plan; conducted four JAUS Working Group (WG) meetings; began development of the Compliance Suite and processes; and began interaction with selected commercial standards bodies.

The JAUS Transport Committee applied for and received a TCP and UDP Port Number for JAUS message traffic on Ethernet and Internet capable networks through the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). The port number for use in making connections to all JAUS compatible server nodes when using tcp is 3794. The port name is 'jaus' (lower case) and the port description is 'JAUS Robots'. The port number for use in sending UDP datagrams to all JAUS compatible nodes is 3794. The same number (3794) is used for both TCP and UDP. The port number 3794 is a decimal number.

The newly formed ad hoc Committee for OCUs and Payloads completed the year with the first of three planned experiments. The experiment was critical in establishing the utility of JAUS as an interoperability standard. The Working Group also drafted a Memorandum of Understanding/Agreement between the Future Combat System (FCS) and the JRP to aid in the development of JAUS. Finally, a white paper addressing the bandwidth concerns of developers was issued.

Meetings Conducted:

Document Revisions/Creation:

Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center, San Diego (SSC-SD) was designated by OSD as the Center of Excellence for small robots. Two fundamental tools were put in place: the Mobile Robot Knowledge Base (MRKB), and the Robotic Systems Pool (RSP).

The MRKB provides system developers, program managers, and end-users with a centralized, online technology resource for mobile robots. The resource contains information on robot components, subsystems, mission payloads, platforms, and technology transfer opportunities. The MRKB web site is divided into three sections: the Technology Database; the Robotic Systems Pool; and Technology Transfer.

In FY03, the MRKB was transitioned to a DoD JRP site; both the MRKB and the secure iWeb sites were re-hosted on better servers; technology for each category was established; the RSP support section was augmented with a password protected tool for tracking both platforms and concept proposals; access was provided to documents relevant to pool resources, enhanced information feedback forms and functions; the DoD Robot Programs Database was introduced in the Technology Transfer section and links were added to other sites of community interest.

The Robotic System Pool section administers the RSP robot loan program, including an asset database with supporting information, publications and specifications. Loan policy information is also available, as well as, sample bailment agreements, request forms, trouble reports, and evaluation submission forms. Field reports and evaluations will be password protected and available only to registered DoD users.

In FY03, the chartered RSP established a Tri-Service Management Board to provide guidance and support requests. The RSP received 18 robots: 7 Foster-Miller, Talons; 3 Inuktun, Micro VGTVs; 5 iRobot, Scout PackBots; 1 iRobot, Explorer PackBot; 1 Utah State University, ODIS-S; 1 Mesa Associates, MATILDA. 7 new PackBot EOD were ordered from iRobot.

Robots were loaned and training was provided to over 20 users including: RS JPO, Navy EOD Mobile Unit Three, U.S. Army Infantry School commands, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Center for Robot-Assisted Search and Rescue, San Diego Metro Arson Strike Team, and the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department.

RSP also supported research conducted at SPAWAR Systems Center, San Diego on ground robot radio frequency communications and data to determine optimum frequency and bandwidth for operations; development and delivery of a Chem/Rad/Gas sensor payload for use on the iRobot PackBot in Operation Iraqi Freedom.

Air Armament Center, Combat Systems Support, System Program Office (AAC/WMO)

The All-purpose Remote Transport System (ARTS) is a component of the Robotic Agile Combat Support (RACS) program managed by the Force Protection Branch, of the Air Force Research Laboratory at Tyndall Air Force Base, FL.

The ARTS is a survivable low-cost robotics platform capable of remote operations in various mission profiles. The system can remotely employ an array of tools and attachments to detect, analyze, and render safe large Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) and clear UXOs from prepared areas. In addition, the system can employ a variety of advanced navigation, control and sensing systems.

Program accomplishments in FY03 include:

2004

Office of the Under Secretary of Defense

UGVs continued in 2004 to increase in Joint Warfighting concepts and plans.

The Services have recognized a critical warfighting role for both current and future Unmanned Ground Systems. More robotic systems are being deployed today than ever before and the trend continues to rise. Ongoing Service transformation plans, as well as current operations in the Global War on Terrorism have featured Unmanned Systems (UMS) prominently. UMS as described in the concepts below are envisioned to contribute to increased mission effectiveness and are planned for integration into Service force structures:

The JRP has continued to provide support to the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT).

GWOT has created urgent and compelling worldwide requirements for UGVs. A large number of fielded, prototype, and commercial robotic systems have been deployed in direct support of Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom and will eventually result in the provision of 887 commercial systems to the theater by FY2006. Capability needs for additional robotic capabilities continue to grow and are being supported through the efforts of the Services and JRP members.

EOD Robots for Iraq

In late 2003, Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) emerged as a significant threat to U.S. and coalition forces in Iraq. These IEDs were claiming ever-increasing casualties and required immediate attention. CENTCOM initiated urgent and compelling requests for support to defeat the IED threat. The JRP Managers met to determine the actions that could be taken immediately to address the problem, and they developed a plan that would rapidly provide a significant increase in capability using small robotic vehicles for EOD forces.

In December 2003, the JRP Managers established the program plan to acquire small, man-portable robotic systems equipped with integrated EOD tools that would be fielded as quickly as possible to assist EOD forces in the mission to defeat IEDs. Because no single vendor was able to provide the required number of systems needed in the short amount of time available, the JRP Managers identified five separate vendors that could provide systems quickly. The first systems were fielded in Iraq beginning in April 2004, just 3 months after program initiation. System quantities have increased dramatically, as the systems have exceeded operational expectations and deployed forces are demanding more of them.

National Unmanned Systems Experimentation Environment (NUSE2)

NUSE2 is an FY2004 initiative sponsored by the Joint Robotics Program (JRP) Coordinator and expands on the accomplishments of the Robotic Acquisition through Virtual Environments and Networked Simulations (RAVENS) program which successfully concluded as of 1 October 2003. RAVENS began in FY2000 as a flexible, geographically distributed architecture developed by the Aviation and Missile Research Development, and Engineering Center (AMRDEC) and Robotic Systems Joint Project Office (RS JPO) to allow users, test centers and government labs to conduct distributed studies, tests, and experiments. This concept was validated in a Proof-of-Principle conducted in September 2000. However, as the program matured it became evident it was too narrow in scope. Limitations included a lack of representation of all unmanned systems (UAV, UGV, unmanned surface vehicle (USV), and unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV) and the interoperability of those systems as well the interoperability with manned systems to support the warfighter in a Joint environment. Additionally, the program did not facilitate the transfer of emerging technology from academia, industry, and research and development efforts into acquisition programs thus reducing or eliminating redundant development efforts and conserving scarce resources.

NUSE2 is a tightly coupled team of R&D, modeling, and simulation resources that provide the Nation with the capability to develop, evaluate, and support Unmanned Systems throughout the life cycle. NUSE2 will serve the entire Unmanned Systems (UAV, UGV, USV, and UUV) community as a long-term, life cycle resource. NUSE2 provides the Unmanned Systems community unprecedented capability to conduct experimentation and promote technology transfer by fostering a synergistic and synchronized relationship between government, contractors, commercial, small business, and academia with scientists, technologists, product developers, testers, and users.

The focus of this effort is the successful integration of all unmanned systems to include air, ground, surface, and underwater systems and the interoperability of those unmanned systems with manned systems on the Joint battlefield.

Currently, the NUSE2 team members consist of the Joint Robotics Program Managers and associates including: the RS JPO, AFRL, ARL, AMRDEC, TARDEC, Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center (SPAWAR), PM-FPS, Product Manager Robotic and Unmanned Systems (PM-RUS), the Navy Coastal Systems Station, Program Manager (Ships)-Explosive Ordnance Disposal, and Air Armament Center's Agile Combat Support Systems Program Office, the Naval Surface Warfare Center-Crane, and the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense's Combating Terrorism Special Operations, TSWG.

Academic resources that are anticipated to support technology development include, but are not limited to: Virginia Polytechnic University, the University of Wyoming, the University of Hawaii, the University of Florida, Carnegie-Mellon University, and the University of Alaska-Fairbanks. Experimental resources anticipated to support technology development include, but are not limited to: the Virginia International Raceway, Camp Guernsey located in Wyoming, Camp Smith located in Hawaii, the AFRL and Gulf Range Complex in Florida, the Cold Regions Test Center located in Alaska, and Camp Pendleton/29 Palms in California.

These initial team members provide a wide range of facilities, terrain, and environments to support Unmanned Systems development. A goal of NUSE2 is to expand team membership as the initiative gets established and matures.

NUSE2 Objectives are to:

  1. Reduce program cost, risk, and schedule for developing and fielding unmanned systems to the warfighter.
  2. Conserve resources by reducing and/or eliminating stovepipe development efforts by harnessing and leveraging the efforts of academia, industry, and government.
  3. Focus and prioritize R&D efforts in support of unmanned systems.
  4. Promote interoperability between all manned and unmanned systems to support warfighting in a Joint environment.
  5. Leverage technology to the warfighter incrementally through a spiral development process as technologies mature.

Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL)

The Air Force continued to execute the Robotics for Agile Combat Support (RACS) program in FY 04. Some highlights of program accomplishments in RACS were:

Program Management Office for Explosive Ordnance Disposal / Naval Explosive Ordnance Disposal Technology Division (PMS-EOD/NAVEODTECHDIV)

The Remote Ordnance Neutralization Systems (RONS) is an Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) robotic system for use by Army, Marine Corps, Navy, and Air Force EOD technicians. The Program accomplishments for FY2004 included fielding 31 more RONS, bringing the total to 271 systems; completing projects for CD-based troubleshooting, computer-based training, and the RE-70 adapter under the RONS CIP; completing version 1.0 of EOD Robot Training Simulator; and delivery and evaluation of the semi-autonomous RONS prototype.

The Man Transportable Robotic System (MTRS) is to complement/augment the military EOD technician when performing reconnaissance during extremely hazardous EOD missions involving UXOs and IEDs. In FY2004, the MTRS Program completed Testing and Evaluation (T&E) of both Performance Specification Verification Models; took delivery of Production Representative Models (PRMs) from both vendors; initiated T&E of the MTRS TALON PRM; initiated and completed T&E of the MTRS PackBot EOD PRM; and obtained limited production approval for the MTRS PackBot EOD.

Robotic Systems Joint Project Office (RS JPO)

In late 2003, the JRP Managers established the program plan to acquire small, man-portable robotic systems equipped with integrated EOD tools that would be fielded as quickly as possible to assist EOD forces in the mission to defeat IEDs. Several agencies of the JRP worked in a seamless, coordinated operation with the selected vendors to make the program work. The Navy's EOD Technology Division (NAVEODTECHDIV), SPAWAR, the RS JPO, and the TSWG provided initial system contracting efforts. The Joint Services EOD served as the program operational technical representative, representing the interests of deployed EOD forces, conducting system assessments, and acting as the EOD advocate to obtain the additional resources necessary. The Joint Robotic Repair Facility (JRRF) was developed as a result of the 2004 Operational Need Statement (ONS) to procure and place into theater EOD robots. As efficiencies were attained, the Theater Commander and Army Material Command (AMC) took RS JPO to be the single point of responsibility for UGV support and sustainment in theater. To that end, the Robotic Systems Joint Project Office (RS JPO) initiated a large project to provide logistical support for the ever growing quantities of UGVs being deployed in theatre. In FY2004, the JRRF initiated the Robotic Systems Combat Support Platoon by training and deploying Naval Reservists to support the repair and maintenance of EOD robots in theater; established robot operator training program and trained 44 Marine and 18 Navy deploying EOD technicians; and procured a small throwable robot prototype for use as a light-weight IED inspection/ reconnaissance device.

The Common Robotics System (CRS) was cancelled during FY2004. Cancellation was due to future force transformation causing POM uncertainties for purely tele-operated capabilities.

The Robotic Combat Support System (RCSS) during FY2004 accomplished the following programmatic activities:

The Gladiator system will utilize a modular, plug-and-fight configuration and will be capable of remotely employing a variety of equipment already fielded to infantry and combat engineer units. This equipment includes the Anti-Personnel/Obstacle Breaching System (APOBS), M240G Medium Machine Gun, M249 Squad Automatic Weapon, Shoulder-Launched Multipurpose Assault Weapon (SMAW), Light-Vehicle Obscuration Smoke System (LVOSS), Automatic Chemical Agent Detection Alarm (ACADA), AN/VDR-2 Nuclear Detection System, Multipurpose cart, etc.

During FY2004, the Gladiator Program attained the following program goals:

The Mobile Detection Assessment Response System - Expeditionary (MDARS-E) is an autonomous robotic vehicle that conducts random patrols and surveillance activities in interior and exterior storage areas. Capabilities include intruder detection, remote lock reading, obstacle avoidance, and product inventory functions that account for and localize high-value items/sensitive equipment. During FY2004, the MDARS-E Program conducted the following programmatic efforts: 1) Conducted factory system qualification tests; 2) Conducted environmental and electromagnetic compatibility tests; 3) Participated in the Air Force's REDCAR demonstration; 4) Conducted MDARS-E modeling and simulation; and 5) Included the MDARS-E concept in the Family of Integrated Rapid-Response Equipment (FIRRE) program.

Tank-Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC)

The goal of the Armed Robotic Vehicle (ARV) Robotic Technologies STO is to develop and mature robotic technologies in the areas of perception, tactical behaviors, and unmanned vehicle survivability, as well as the integration of technologies leveraged from the Army and commercial sector developments into a representative FCS ARV platform that supports demonstrations of these technologies during field tests. This platform will be used as a technology demonstrator as a step toward furthering the risk-reduction efforts of the ARV program, as well as transitioning additional technologies to Program Manager Unit of Action (PM UA) and the FCS LSI.

The Omni-Directional Inspection System (ODIS) R&D and Intelligent Mobility Program is an applied research effort that is designed to support evolving requirements. TARDEC is working closely with the Engineering School (Ft. Leonard Wood, MO) and is tracking their MNS development as well as working closely with the Army's PM-FPS, directly with soldiers in Iraq and Afghanistan, and other user communities, such as the Army Rapid Equipping Force and the Department of Homeland Defense, to focus research for security and counter-terrorism efforts. The ODIS system is used for under-vehicle inspection, particularly at checkpoints posted at security locations and other areas such as secure parking lots, etc. It has low ground clearance, low overall height, and imaging systems on board for visual inspection. There are currently three systems with varying modes of operation, ranging from teleoperation to full autonomy. All but the teleoperated model remain laboratory-grade units, which are being investigated for use in various user-related/generated scenarios.

Accomplishments for the ODIS Program in FY2004 include:

Aviation & Missile Research, Development & Engineering Center (AMRDEC)

In FY2004, the JAUS Community continued progress in expansion of the architecture. Accomplishments included:

Meetings Conducted:

Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center, San Diego

Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center, San Diego (SSC-SD) is responsible for management of the Robotic Systems Pool (RSP), the Mobile Robot Knowledge Base (MRKB). The RSP was intended to facilitate the linking of a user with an appropriate robotic COTS solution by procuring in advance a reasonable selection of hardware that is deemed most appropriate for subsequent evaluation. The RSP expedites the development and integration of technology into effective, supportable, fielded, robotic assets. The RSP loans systems to the military, and also to some extent, first-responders, research organizations, and academia.

By making this pool of hardware easily accessible on a loan-type basis, prospective users are spared the procurement costs and delays that previously presented a significant hurdle to fielding effective and reliable hardware in a timely manner. Additional loans are already planned and being executed for FY2005. Over 25 systems were loaned over the past year, supporting over 15 separate organizations, and the number of loans is expected to grow. Much of the RSP efforts this year have been focused on supporting the warfighter in conjunction with Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom, with 27 systems purchased through the RSP over the past year and subsequently delivered to Iraq and Afghanistan in direct support of the SKISKY EOD robot-fielding effort.

Supporting the RS JPO as the material fielding agency for SKISKY, the RSP assets have been used this year to train a team of Navy Reservists who are ready-deployable robotics support technicians. This Robotic Systems Combat Support Platoon (RSCSP) has been trained in the operation, maintenance, and repair of RSP assets, as well as other assets fielded in connection with the SKISKY effort. The RSCSP also used RSP assets to augment the training of deploying Navy and Marine EOD units on robot operation and basic user-level maintenance. Nearly 70 EOD technicians have been trained within the past year. Supporting the RS JPO JRRF, members of the RSCSP are deployed in Iraq, providing invaluable support to the warfighter in theater with the repair and maintenance of over 200 fielded robotic systems.

The RSP will continue to facilitate the development of robotic technology by getting commercially available robotic systems into the hands of users and developers and implementing their feedback to field more capable systems.

The Mobile Robot Knowledge Base (MRKB) resource includes information on robot components, subsystems, mission payloads, platforms, and DoD robotics programs. In addition, it provides an online interface for the RSP, as well as a forum for technology and information transfer within the DoD robotics community.

All aspects of the MRKB Web site and databases are developed, maintained, and hosted in-house at SSC San Diego, affording maximum control and flexibility to meet the expanding technology needs of the robotics community.

The MRKB is logically divided into three technology resource sections and one support section. The resource sections are dedicated to meeting specific user needs; they include the Technology Database, the RSP Support section, and the Technology Transfer Forum, each section having a similar appearance and navigation menu. The fourth section, called the iWeb, is a secure, password-protected site that is used for data and information management for the other three sections of the MRKB.